EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE USE OF SUPPLEMENTS BY INDIVIDUALS OVER THE AGE OF 18 IN THE FERIZAJ DISTRICT
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the world's population and still remains a serious health problem. Since the beginning of the pandemic, vitamins, minerals and other products known as dietary supplements have received a lot of attention, given their effects on the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune system. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of taking DSs during the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand its impact on individuals' beliefs about a healthy life. The paper is a cross-sectional analytical study prepared during April-September 2022. The data were obtained through a questionnaire which was distributed to people aged 18 and older who live in the Ferizaj region. A survey of 500 people was conducted. Half of those surveyed (50.4%) confirm the claim that all supplements, vitamins, minerals, herbs are safe. 50.8% confirm the claim that the effectiveness of nutritional supplements is based on clinical trials. The statement that nutritional supplements are tested before being put on the market is confirmed by 45.2%. 30.7% of those surveyed confirm the claim that all dietary supplements in pharmacies are safe. 83.2% of those surveyed took supplements/additives (vitamins and minerals), 15.2% did not. The largest percentage of 75.6% took vitamin C, followed by 36.8% vitamin D3, 26.2% took group B vitamins, 25.4% Omega 3, 24.0% multi-vitamins and minerals, 21.4% Zinc, 10.6% Potassium and the so-called In total, 53.8% (269) of those surveyed took supplements during the COVID 19 pandemic. According to the dynamics index, a growth rate of 102.3% was registered in relation to the time period before the pandemic with COVID 19. Source of information through which the respondents heard (met) about food supplements (supplements) in the largest percentage before and during the pandemic is from a doctor, health worker (62.2% and 65.6%). 68.8% answered that during the pandemic they took more supplements, and 28.8% did not. Dietary supplement consumption among adults has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19, dietary supplements, immunity.
https://doi.org/10.55302/JMS2361038b
References
1. World Health Organization WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Overview; [(accessed on 20 Jun 2022)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus
2. Marco Cascella; Michael Rajnik; Abdul Aleem; Scott C. Dulebohn; Raffaela Di Napoli; Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19); (2022) Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions (2022) Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/
4. Kałucka S., Kaleta D., Makowiec-Dabrowska T. Prevalence of Dietary Behavior and Determinants of Quality of Diet among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16:501
5. Barzda A., BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— R., BaltuÅ¡ytÄ— I., Stukas R., BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— S. Actual nutrition and nutrition habits of adults and elderly of Lithuania. VisuomenÄ—s Sveik. 2016;1:85–94.
6. World Health Organization Healthy Diet. [(accessed on 13 June 2022)]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
7 .BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— R., Barzda A., BulotaitÄ— G., MiliauskÄ— R., Drungilas V., ÄŒesnakauskienÄ— I. Sveikos ir Tvarios Mitybos Rekomendacijos. 2nd ed. Sveikatos Mokymo ir Ligų Prevencijos Centras; Vilnius, Lithuania: 2020. pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
8. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Dietary Supplements. [(accessed on 13 June 2022)]. Available online: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-supplements
9. Hamulka J., Jeruszka-Bielak M., Górnicka M., Drywień M.E., Zielińska-Pukos M.A. Dietary supplements during COVID-19 outbreak. Results of Google Trends analysis supported by PLifeCOVID-1 online studies. Nutrients. 2021;13:54. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Lee J., Kwan Y., Lee J.Y., Shin J.I., Lee K.H., Hong S.H., Han Y.J., Kronbichler A., Smith L., Koyanagi A., et al. Public interest in immunity and the justification for intervention in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends data. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021;23:e26368. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Mrityunjaya M., Pavithra V., Neelam R., Janhavi P., Halami P.M., Ravindra P.V. Immune-Boosting, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Dietary supplements Targeting Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4096.
13. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular functi. EFSA J. 2010;8:1–17. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468
14. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015. 4298.
15. Opinion S. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 294, 1758), mainte. EFSA J. 2009;7:1229. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229.
16 .https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4096
17. Aman, F. and Masood, S. (2020). How nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S121-123. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2776
18. Ozenoglu, A. and Gulbahar, G. (2020). Nutrition and micronutrients for the protection of physical and mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. In N. Alkanli, A. Ay and S. S. Alkanli (Eds.), [COVID-19 treatment predictors] (pp. 35-125).
19. Mullin G.E., Limektkai B., Wang L., Hanaway P., Marks L., Giovannucci E. Dietary Supplements for COVID-19. In: Rezaei N., editor. Coronavirus Disease—COVID-19. Volume 1318. Springer International Publishing; Cham, Switzerland: 2021. pp. 499–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Thirumdas, R., Kothakota, A., Pandiselvam, R., Bahrami, A. and Barba, F. J. (2021). Role of food nutrients and supplementation in fighting against viral infections and boosting immunity: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 110, 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021. 01.069
21.Mohammed Iddir at all; ( 2020) Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061562; Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1562#B77-nutrients-12-01562
22. M. Savarese, G. Castellini, L. Morelli, G. Graffigna;( 2021) COVID-19 disease and nutritional choices: How will the pandemic reconfigure our food psychology and habits? A case study of the Italian population;DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.10.013
23 .Louca, P., Murray, B., Klaser, K., Graham, M. S., et al. (2021).
Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID19 pandemic: Insights from 445850 users of the COVID-19 symptom study app. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health,4(1), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250
24. WHO Statement: Tobacco Use and COVID-19. [(accessed on 22 September 2022)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2020-who-statement-tobacco-use-and-covid-19 [Ref list]
25. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens, Angelico Mendy, Ashley L. Merianos: ( 2021) Assessment of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Using Measures of Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity; NIH, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18178939; PMID: 34501529; Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8431679/
26. Grundy E.J., Suddek T., Filippidis F.T., Majeed A., Coronini-Cronberg S. Smoking, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A review of reviews considering implications for public health policy and practice. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2020;18:58. doi: 10.18332/tid/124788.
27. ECDC Prevention and contol: How to protect yourself and others; [(accessed on 22 September 2022)] Available online: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/prevention-and-control/protect-yourself
28. Nadim Sharif at all; (2021 ) Protective measures are associated with the reduction of transmission of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study; NIH; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260287;PMID:34807962 Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8608304/
29. Gülsün Ayran, Semra Köse, Arzu Sarıalioğlu, Ayda Çelebioğlud; ( 2022 ) Hand hygiene and mask-wearing behaviors and the related factors during the COVID 19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study with secondary school studentsinTurkeydoi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.001;PMID:34688528;Availableonline:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8491930/#bb0120
30. Rokas Arlauskas, Donatas Austys, and Rimantas Stukas;( 2022); COVID-19 Pandemic and Consumption of Dietary Supplements among Adult Residents of Lithuania;PMCID:PMC9368138PMID: 35954945 Published online 2022 Aug 4.;https:// doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159591
31. Hadia Radwan ay all; (2022) , Diets and dietary supplements used during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional survey; Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.019; Available online:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S13190164220002631
32. Jadwiga Hamulka, Marta Jeruszka-Bielak, Magdalena Górnicka, Małgorzata E. Drywień, and Monika A. Zielinska-Pukos*; ( 2021) Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 Outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis Supported by PLifeCOVID-19 Online Studies; doi: 10.3390/nu13010054 PMID: 3337542
33. Kristoffersen, A.E., van der Werf, E.T., Stub, T., Musial, F., Wider, B., Jong, M.C., Wode, K., Danell, J.B., Busch, M., Hoenders, H., & Nordberg, J.H. (2021). Consultations with health care providers and use of self-management strategies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 related symptoms. A population based cross-sectional study in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands. Complementary therapies in medicine, 64, 102792. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.10279.
34. Puścion-Jakubik, A., Bielecka, J., Grabia, M., Mielech, A., et al. (2021). Consumption of food supplements during the three COVID-19 waves in Poland—Focus on zinc and vitamin D. Nutrients, 13(10), 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103 361
35. O.F. Khabour, S.F.M. Hassanein; ( 2021) Use of vitamin/zinc supplements, medicinal plants, and immune boosting drinks during COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study from Benha city, Egypt
Heliyon, 7 (2021), p. e06538, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06538
36. Teske, K., Tsirigotis, J., Riba, M., Platt, J., Udow-Phillips, M., 2020. Health professionals are the most trusted source of information on COVID-19.
37. El Khoury, G.; Ramadan,W.; Zeeni, N. Herbal Products and DSs: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Use, Attitudes, and Knowledgeamong the Lebanese Population. J. Community Health 2015, 41, 566–573.
38. Chiba, T.; Kobayashi, E.; Okura, T.; Sekimoto, M.; Mizuno, H.; Saito, M.; Umegaki, K. An educational intervention improvedknowledge of dietary supplements in college students. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1–12.
39. Webb, A.D. Dietary Supplement Use and Attitudes among College Students Enrolled in an Introductory Nutrition Course.Available online: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/67/
40. Self-Prescribing Supplements? Here’s Why You Should Think Again. Henry Ford LiveWell. Available online: https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/01/self-prescri
2. Marco Cascella; Michael Rajnik; Abdul Aleem; Scott C. Dulebohn; Raffaela Di Napoli; Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19); (2022) Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions (2022) Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/
4. Kałucka S., Kaleta D., Makowiec-Dabrowska T. Prevalence of Dietary Behavior and Determinants of Quality of Diet among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16:501
5. Barzda A., BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— R., BaltuÅ¡ytÄ— I., Stukas R., BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— S. Actual nutrition and nutrition habits of adults and elderly of Lithuania. VisuomenÄ—s Sveik. 2016;1:85–94.
6. World Health Organization Healthy Diet. [(accessed on 13 June 2022)]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
7 .BartkeviÄiÅ«tÄ— R., Barzda A., BulotaitÄ— G., MiliauskÄ— R., Drungilas V., ÄŒesnakauskienÄ— I. Sveikos ir Tvarios Mitybos Rekomendacijos. 2nd ed. Sveikatos Mokymo ir Ligų Prevencijos Centras; Vilnius, Lithuania: 2020. pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
8. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Dietary Supplements. [(accessed on 13 June 2022)]. Available online: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-supplements
9. Hamulka J., Jeruszka-Bielak M., Górnicka M., Drywień M.E., Zielińska-Pukos M.A. Dietary supplements during COVID-19 outbreak. Results of Google Trends analysis supported by PLifeCOVID-1 online studies. Nutrients. 2021;13:54. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Lee J., Kwan Y., Lee J.Y., Shin J.I., Lee K.H., Hong S.H., Han Y.J., Kronbichler A., Smith L., Koyanagi A., et al. Public interest in immunity and the justification for intervention in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends data. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021;23:e26368. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Mrityunjaya M., Pavithra V., Neelam R., Janhavi P., Halami P.M., Ravindra P.V. Immune-Boosting, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Dietary supplements Targeting Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4096.
13. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular functi. EFSA J. 2010;8:1–17. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468
14. Panel E., Nda A. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015. 4298.
15. Opinion S. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 294, 1758), mainte. EFSA J. 2009;7:1229. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229.
16 .https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4096
17. Aman, F. and Masood, S. (2020). How nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S121-123. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2776
18. Ozenoglu, A. and Gulbahar, G. (2020). Nutrition and micronutrients for the protection of physical and mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. In N. Alkanli, A. Ay and S. S. Alkanli (Eds.), [COVID-19 treatment predictors] (pp. 35-125).
19. Mullin G.E., Limektkai B., Wang L., Hanaway P., Marks L., Giovannucci E. Dietary Supplements for COVID-19. In: Rezaei N., editor. Coronavirus Disease—COVID-19. Volume 1318. Springer International Publishing; Cham, Switzerland: 2021. pp. 499–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Thirumdas, R., Kothakota, A., Pandiselvam, R., Bahrami, A. and Barba, F. J. (2021). Role of food nutrients and supplementation in fighting against viral infections and boosting immunity: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 110, 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021. 01.069
21.Mohammed Iddir at all; ( 2020) Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061562; Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1562#B77-nutrients-12-01562
22. M. Savarese, G. Castellini, L. Morelli, G. Graffigna;( 2021) COVID-19 disease and nutritional choices: How will the pandemic reconfigure our food psychology and habits? A case study of the Italian population;DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.10.013
23 .Louca, P., Murray, B., Klaser, K., Graham, M. S., et al. (2021).
Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID19 pandemic: Insights from 445850 users of the COVID-19 symptom study app. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health,4(1), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250
24. WHO Statement: Tobacco Use and COVID-19. [(accessed on 22 September 2022)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2020-who-statement-tobacco-use-and-covid-19 [Ref list]
25. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens, Angelico Mendy, Ashley L. Merianos: ( 2021) Assessment of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Using Measures of Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity; NIH, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18178939; PMID: 34501529; Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8431679/
26. Grundy E.J., Suddek T., Filippidis F.T., Majeed A., Coronini-Cronberg S. Smoking, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A review of reviews considering implications for public health policy and practice. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2020;18:58. doi: 10.18332/tid/124788.
27. ECDC Prevention and contol: How to protect yourself and others; [(accessed on 22 September 2022)] Available online: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/prevention-and-control/protect-yourself
28. Nadim Sharif at all; (2021 ) Protective measures are associated with the reduction of transmission of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study; NIH; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260287;PMID:34807962 Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8608304/
29. Gülsün Ayran, Semra Köse, Arzu Sarıalioğlu, Ayda Çelebioğlud; ( 2022 ) Hand hygiene and mask-wearing behaviors and the related factors during the COVID 19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study with secondary school studentsinTurkeydoi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.001;PMID:34688528;Availableonline:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8491930/#bb0120
30. Rokas Arlauskas, Donatas Austys, and Rimantas Stukas;( 2022); COVID-19 Pandemic and Consumption of Dietary Supplements among Adult Residents of Lithuania;PMCID:PMC9368138PMID: 35954945 Published online 2022 Aug 4.;https:// doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159591
31. Hadia Radwan ay all; (2022) , Diets and dietary supplements used during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional survey; Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.019; Available online:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S13190164220002631
32. Jadwiga Hamulka, Marta Jeruszka-Bielak, Magdalena Górnicka, Małgorzata E. Drywień, and Monika A. Zielinska-Pukos*; ( 2021) Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 Outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis Supported by PLifeCOVID-19 Online Studies; doi: 10.3390/nu13010054 PMID: 3337542
33. Kristoffersen, A.E., van der Werf, E.T., Stub, T., Musial, F., Wider, B., Jong, M.C., Wode, K., Danell, J.B., Busch, M., Hoenders, H., & Nordberg, J.H. (2021). Consultations with health care providers and use of self-management strategies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 related symptoms. A population based cross-sectional study in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands. Complementary therapies in medicine, 64, 102792. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.10279.
34. Puścion-Jakubik, A., Bielecka, J., Grabia, M., Mielech, A., et al. (2021). Consumption of food supplements during the three COVID-19 waves in Poland—Focus on zinc and vitamin D. Nutrients, 13(10), 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103 361
35. O.F. Khabour, S.F.M. Hassanein; ( 2021) Use of vitamin/zinc supplements, medicinal plants, and immune boosting drinks during COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study from Benha city, Egypt
Heliyon, 7 (2021), p. e06538, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06538
36. Teske, K., Tsirigotis, J., Riba, M., Platt, J., Udow-Phillips, M., 2020. Health professionals are the most trusted source of information on COVID-19.
37. El Khoury, G.; Ramadan,W.; Zeeni, N. Herbal Products and DSs: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Use, Attitudes, and Knowledgeamong the Lebanese Population. J. Community Health 2015, 41, 566–573.
38. Chiba, T.; Kobayashi, E.; Okura, T.; Sekimoto, M.; Mizuno, H.; Saito, M.; Umegaki, K. An educational intervention improvedknowledge of dietary supplements in college students. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1–12.
39. Webb, A.D. Dietary Supplement Use and Attitudes among College Students Enrolled in an Introductory Nutrition Course.Available online: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/67/
40. Self-Prescribing Supplements? Here’s Why You Should Think Again. Henry Ford LiveWell. Available online: https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/01/self-prescri
Published
2023-05-10
How to Cite
BUCALIU, Ibadete et al.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE USE OF SUPPLEMENTS BY INDIVIDUALS OVER THE AGE OF 18 IN THE FERIZAJ DISTRICT.
Journal of Morphological Sciences, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 38-50, may 2023.
ISSN 2545-4706.
Available at: <https://jms.mk/jms/article/view/vol6no1-6>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
Issue
Section
Articles
